Climate Change Adaptation in the Perspectives of Food, Energy Crisis and Environmental Degradation for Food Sovereignty in Indonesia

Abstract

The influential factors that have been identified to influence the food crisis energy as well as climate changes are population growth, economic growth, and social conditions. Local food development and food industrialization movement is the approach to overcome food and energy crisis as well as to reduce the GHG emissions. Promoting food industrialization for food sovereignty is a strategic effort for the vulnerability in agricultural sector. Climate change due to the greenhouse effect is caused by the consumption of fossil fuel that continues to rise due to the increased use of vehicles and electrical energy driven by fuel and electricity price subsidies. Fossil fuel subsidy amounting to 19 % of total government spending was mostly or about 84 percent of total subsidies enjoyed by 40 % of high level income of fossil fuel consumers. Approximately 10 % of richest fuel consumers consumed nearly 40 percent of the total subsidized fuel. In contrast, less than 1 %t of the total subsidized fuel used by the poor. There was about 30 % of the fuel consumed is not efficient because of congestion on roads due to the increasing number of vehicles, damaged roads, and urbanization. In addition, the use of energy subsidy inhibits the programs of alternative energy diversification and the investment for renewable energy. Fossil fuel subsidies should be removed and transferred to food subsidy to encourage the increase of local food production that supports diversification and food sovereignty.