******************************** * General SEM analysis results * ******************************** Model fit and quality indices ----------------------------- Average path coefficient (APC) not available Average R-squared (ARS) not available Average adjusted R-squared (AARS) not available Average block VIF (AVIF) not available Average full collinearity VIF (AFVIF)=2.056, acceptable if <= 5, ideally <= 3.3 Tenenhaus GoF (GoF) not available Sympson's paradox ratio (SPR) not available R-squared contribution ratio (RSCR) not available Statistical suppression ratio (SSR) not available Nonlinear bivariate causality direction ratio (NLBCDR) not available General model elements ---------------------- Missing data imputation algorithm: Arithmetic Mean Imputation Outer model analysis algorithm: PLS Regression Default inner model analysis algorithm: Warp3 Multiple inner model analysis algorithms used? No Resampling method used in the analysis: Stable3 Number of data resamples used: 100 Number of cases (rows) in model data: 210 Number of latent variables in model: 7 Number of indicators used in model: 17 Number of iterations to obtain estimates: 5 Range restriction variable type: None Range restriction variable: None Range restriction variable min value: 0.000 Range restriction variable max value: 0.000 Only ranked data used in analysis? No ********************************** * Path coefficients and P values * ********************************** Path coefficients ----------------- X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv P values -------- X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv ***************************************** * Standard errors for path coefficients * ***************************************** X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv ************************************** * Effect sizes for path coefficients * ************************************** X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv **************************************** * Combined loadings and cross-loadings * **************************************** X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv Type (a SE P value x1.1 0.853 0.070 -0.132 -0.022 0.154 -0.071 -0.103 Reflect 0.059 <0.001 x1.2 0.844 -0.028 -0.139 -0.069 0.139 -0.092 0.107 Reflect 0.059 <0.001 x1.3 0.860 -0.042 0.268 0.089 -0.288 0.161 -0.003 Reflect 0.059 <0.001 x2.1 -0.017 0.924 0.004 0.009 -0.222 0.089 0.097 Reflect 0.058 <0.001 x2.2 0.017 0.924 -0.004 -0.009 0.222 -0.089 -0.097 Reflect 0.058 <0.001 x3.1 0.077 0.015 0.947 -0.029 0.088 -0.058 0.018 Reflect 0.058 <0.001 x3.2 -0.077 -0.015 0.947 0.029 -0.088 0.058 -0.018 Reflect 0.058 <0.001 x4.1 0.435 0.165 -0.132 0.667 -0.792 0.234 0.030 Reflect 0.061 <0.001 x4.2 -0.021 -0.021 -0.158 0.750 -0.349 -0.023 0.019 Reflect 0.060 <0.001 x4.3 -0.219 0.008 0.131 0.781 0.455 -0.088 -0.060 Reflect 0.060 <0.001 x4.4 -0.158 -0.152 0.159 0.657 0.662 -0.107 0.019 Reflect 0.061 <0.001 x5.1 0.042 -0.032 -0.016 -0.026 0.970 -0.005 0.010 Reflect 0.058 <0.001 x5.2 -0.042 0.032 0.016 0.026 0.970 0.005 -0.010 Reflect 0.058 <0.001 x6.1 0.054 -0.017 0.059 -0.042 0.075 0.959 -0.049 Reflect 0.058 <0.001 x6.2 -0.054 0.017 -0.059 0.042 -0.075 0.959 0.049 Reflect 0.058 <0.001 x7.1 0.047 0.006 0.053 -0.071 -0.026 0.041 0.947 Reflect 0.058 <0.001 x7.2 -0.047 -0.006 -0.053 0.071 0.026 -0.041 0.947 Reflect 0.058 <0.001 Notes: Loadings are unrotated and cross-loadings are oblique-rotated. SEs and P values are for loadings. P values < 0.05 are desirable for reflective indicators. *************************************************** * Normalized combined loadings and cross-loadings * *************************************************** X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv x1.1 0.737 0.076 -0.145 -0.024 0.168 -0.078 -0.112 x1.2 0.712 -0.030 -0.151 -0.075 0.150 -0.100 0.117 x1.3 0.621 -0.046 0.296 0.098 -0.319 0.178 -0.004 x2.1 -0.017 0.684 0.004 0.009 -0.220 0.088 0.096 x2.2 0.019 0.667 -0.004 -0.010 0.243 -0.097 -0.106 x3.1 0.086 0.017 0.578 -0.033 0.100 -0.066 0.020 x3.2 -0.075 -0.014 0.609 0.028 -0.086 0.057 -0.017 x4.1 0.359 0.136 -0.109 0.762 -0.655 0.193 0.025 x4.2 -0.019 -0.019 -0.142 0.945 -0.313 -0.020 0.017 x4.3 -0.263 0.009 0.157 0.594 0.549 -0.106 -0.072 x4.4 -0.188 -0.182 0.190 0.492 0.792 -0.128 0.022 x5.1 0.043 -0.032 -0.016 -0.027 0.585 -0.005 0.010 x5.2 -0.045 0.034 0.016 0.028 0.584 0.005 -0.011 x6.1 0.058 -0.018 0.064 -0.046 0.081 0.584 -0.053 x6.2 -0.053 0.017 -0.058 0.042 -0.074 0.618 0.048 x7.1 0.051 0.006 0.058 -0.077 -0.029 0.045 0.615 x7.2 -0.047 -0.006 -0.053 0.071 0.026 -0.041 0.629 Note: Loadings are unrotated and cross-loadings are oblique-rotated, both after separate Kaiser normalizations. *************************************** * Pattern loadings and cross-loadings * *************************************** X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv x1.1 0.881 0.070 -0.132 -0.022 0.154 -0.071 -0.103 x1.2 0.885 -0.028 -0.139 -0.069 0.139 -0.092 0.107 x1.3 0.792 -0.042 0.268 0.089 -0.288 0.161 -0.003 x2.1 -0.017 0.974 0.004 0.009 -0.222 0.089 0.097 x2.2 0.017 0.875 -0.004 -0.009 0.222 -0.089 -0.097 x3.1 0.077 0.015 0.877 -0.029 0.088 -0.058 0.018 x3.2 -0.077 -0.015 1.017 0.029 -0.088 0.058 -0.018 x4.1 0.435 0.165 -0.132 0.740 -0.792 0.234 0.030 x4.2 -0.021 -0.021 -0.158 1.044 -0.349 -0.023 0.019 x4.3 -0.219 0.008 0.131 0.636 0.455 -0.088 -0.060 x4.4 -0.158 -0.152 0.159 0.420 0.662 -0.107 0.019 x5.1 0.042 -0.032 -0.016 -0.026 0.992 -0.005 0.010 x5.2 -0.042 0.032 0.016 0.026 0.948 0.005 -0.010 x6.1 0.054 -0.017 0.059 -0.042 0.075 0.911 -0.049 x6.2 -0.054 0.017 -0.059 0.042 -0.075 1.007 0.049 x7.1 0.047 0.006 0.053 -0.071 -0.026 0.041 0.905 x7.2 -0.047 -0.006 -0.053 0.071 0.026 -0.041 0.990 Note: Loadings and cross-loadings are oblique-rotated. ************************************************** * Normalized pattern loadings and cross-loadings * ************************************************** X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv x1.1 0.962 0.076 -0.145 -0.024 0.168 -0.078 -0.112 x1.2 0.962 -0.030 -0.151 -0.075 0.150 -0.100 0.117 x1.3 0.876 -0.046 0.296 0.098 -0.319 0.178 -0.004 x2.1 -0.017 0.966 0.004 0.009 -0.220 0.088 0.096 x2.2 0.019 0.959 -0.004 -0.010 0.243 -0.097 -0.106 x3.1 0.086 0.017 0.988 -0.033 0.100 -0.066 0.020 x3.2 -0.075 -0.014 0.991 0.028 -0.086 0.057 -0.017 x4.1 0.359 0.136 -0.109 0.611 -0.655 0.193 0.025 x4.2 -0.019 -0.019 -0.142 0.938 -0.313 -0.020 0.017 x4.3 -0.263 0.009 0.157 0.767 0.549 -0.106 -0.072 x4.4 -0.188 -0.182 0.190 0.502 0.792 -0.128 0.022 x5.1 0.043 -0.032 -0.016 -0.027 0.998 -0.005 0.010 x5.2 -0.045 0.034 0.016 0.028 0.998 0.005 -0.011 x6.1 0.058 -0.018 0.064 -0.046 0.081 0.990 -0.053 x6.2 -0.053 0.017 -0.058 0.042 -0.074 0.992 0.048 x7.1 0.051 0.006 0.058 -0.077 -0.029 0.045 0.993 x7.2 -0.047 -0.006 -0.053 0.071 0.026 -0.041 0.994 Note: Loadings and cross-loadings shown are after oblique rotation and Kaiser normalization. ***************************************** * Structure loadings and cross-loadings * ***************************************** X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv x1.1 0.853 0.405 0.319 0.305 0.380 0.235 0.233 x1.2 0.844 0.356 0.345 0.279 0.417 0.291 0.336 x1.3 0.860 0.438 0.526 0.448 0.424 0.410 0.404 x2.1 0.407 0.924 0.501 0.381 0.404 0.361 0.341 x2.2 0.460 0.924 0.512 0.396 0.492 0.334 0.286 x3.1 0.501 0.545 0.947 0.433 0.652 0.550 0.573 x3.2 0.382 0.493 0.947 0.435 0.585 0.549 0.548 x4.1 0.410 0.300 0.173 0.667 0.036 0.158 0.085 x4.2 0.140 0.150 0.110 0.750 0.054 0.101 0.016 x4.3 0.302 0.411 0.503 0.781 0.520 0.458 0.355 x4.4 0.326 0.346 0.531 0.657 0.612 0.517 0.452 x5.1 0.483 0.454 0.627 0.396 0.970 0.671 0.604 x5.2 0.443 0.487 0.640 0.430 0.970 0.667 0.590 x6.1 0.404 0.387 0.595 0.414 0.695 0.959 0.678 x6.2 0.298 0.334 0.518 0.408 0.629 0.959 0.676 x7.1 0.389 0.338 0.579 0.272 0.588 0.677 0.947 x7.2 0.332 0.306 0.543 0.322 0.577 0.661 0.947 Note: Loadings and cross-loadings are unrotated. **************************************************** * Normalized structure loadings and cross-loadings * **************************************************** X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv x1.1 0.737 0.350 0.276 0.263 0.328 0.203 0.201 x1.2 0.712 0.300 0.291 0.236 0.351 0.245 0.283 x1.3 0.621 0.316 0.379 0.323 0.306 0.296 0.292 x2.1 0.301 0.684 0.371 0.282 0.299 0.267 0.253 x2.2 0.332 0.667 0.370 0.286 0.355 0.241 0.207 x3.1 0.305 0.333 0.578 0.264 0.398 0.335 0.350 x3.2 0.245 0.317 0.609 0.280 0.376 0.353 0.352 x4.1 0.468 0.342 0.198 0.762 0.041 0.180 0.097 x4.2 0.176 0.189 0.139 0.945 0.068 0.127 0.020 x4.3 0.230 0.313 0.382 0.594 0.396 0.348 0.270 x4.4 0.244 0.259 0.397 0.492 0.458 0.387 0.338 x5.1 0.292 0.274 0.378 0.239 0.585 0.405 0.364 x5.2 0.267 0.293 0.385 0.259 0.584 0.401 0.355 x6.1 0.246 0.236 0.362 0.252 0.423 0.584 0.413 x6.2 0.192 0.215 0.334 0.263 0.405 0.618 0.436 x7.1 0.253 0.219 0.375 0.177 0.382 0.439 0.615 x7.2 0.220 0.203 0.360 0.214 0.383 0.439 0.629 Note: Loadings and cross-loadings shown are unrotated and after Kaiser normalization. ********************* * Indicator weights * ********************* X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv Type (a SE P value VIF WLS ES x1.1 0.391 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Reflect 0.064 <0.001 1.787 1 0.334 x1.2 0.387 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Reflect 0.064 <0.001 1.729 1 0.327 x1.3 0.394 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Reflect 0.064 <0.001 1.835 1 0.339 x2.1 0.000 0.541 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Reflect 0.062 <0.001 2.005 1 0.500 x2.2 0.000 0.541 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Reflect 0.062 <0.001 2.005 1 0.500 x3.1 0.000 0.000 0.528 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Reflect 0.062 <0.001 2.695 1 0.500 x3.2 0.000 0.000 0.528 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Reflect 0.062 <0.001 2.695 1 0.500 x4.1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.326 0.000 0.000 0.000 Reflect 0.065 <0.001 1.643 1 0.217 x4.2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.366 0.000 0.000 0.000 Reflect 0.064 <0.001 1.773 1 0.275 x4.3 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.381 0.000 0.000 0.000 Reflect 0.064 <0.001 1.894 1 0.297 x4.4 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.320 0.000 0.000 0.000 Reflect 0.065 <0.001 1.723 1 0.211 x5.1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.515 0.000 0.000 Reflect 0.063 <0.001 4.501 1 0.500 x5.2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.515 0.000 0.000 Reflect 0.063 <0.001 4.501 1 0.500 x6.1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.521 0.000 Reflect 0.063 <0.001 3.398 1 0.500 x6.2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.521 0.000 Reflect 0.063 <0.001 3.398 1 0.500 x7.1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.528 Reflect 0.063 <0.001 2.723 1 0.500 x7.2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.528 Reflect 0.063 <0.001 2.723 1 0.500 Notes: P values < 0.05 and VIFs < 2.5 are desirable for formative indicators; VIF = indicator variance inflation factor; WLS = indicator weight-loading sign (-1 = Simpson's paradox in l.v.); ES = indicator effect size. ******************************** * Latent variable coefficients * ******************************** R-squared coefficients ---------------------- X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv Adjusted R-squared coefficients ------------------------------- X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv Composite reliability coefficients ---------------------------------- X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv 0.889 0.921 0.945 0.807 0.970 0.958 0.946 Cronbach's alpha coefficients --------------------------- X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv 0.812 0.829 0.885 0.680 0.937 0.913 0.886 Average variances extracted --------------------------- X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv 0.727 0.854 0.897 0.513 0.941 0.920 0.898 Full collinearity VIFs ---------------------- X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv 1.514 1.636 2.304 1.454 2.544 2.640 2.299 Q-squared coefficients ---------------------- X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv Minimum and maximum values -------------------------- X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv -3.459 -2.942 -3.013 -3.508 -3.032 -2.804 -2.615 2.352 1.908 1.442 3.589 1.153 1.619 1.573 Medians (top) and modes (bottom) -------------------------------- X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv 0.415 0.291 -0.043 0.022 -0.242 0.144 0.177 0.415 0.291 -0.043 0.022 -0.242 0.144 0.177 Skewness (top) and exc. kurtosis (bottom) coefficients ------------------------------------------------------ X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv -0.854 -0.513 -0.610 0.007 -0.771 -0.317 -0.263 0.428 0.778 0.749 1.496 0.625 0.168 -0.194 Tests of unimodality: Rohatgi-Székely (top) and Klaassen-Mokveld-van Es (bottom) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Tests of normality: Jarque–Bera (top) and robust Jarque–Bera (bottom) --------------------------------------------------------------------- X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv No No No No No Yes Yes No No No No No No No *************************************************** * Ccorrelations among latent variables and errors * *************************************************** Correlations among l.vs. with sq. rts. of AVEs ---------------------------------------------- X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv X1_Prod 0.853 0.469 0.466 0.404 0.477 0.366 0.381 X2_Pric 0.469 0.924 0.548 0.420 0.485 0.376 0.340 X3_Plac 0.466 0.548 0.947 0.458 0.653 0.580 0.592 X4_Prom 0.404 0.420 0.458 0.716 0.426 0.428 0.314 X5_Peop 0.477 0.485 0.653 0.426 0.970 0.690 0.615 X6_Proc 0.366 0.376 0.580 0.428 0.690 0.959 0.706 X7_PhEv 0.381 0.340 0.592 0.314 0.615 0.706 0.947 Note: Square roots of average variances extracted (AVEs) shown on diagonal. P values for correlations ------------------------- X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv X1_Prod 1.000 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 X2_Pric <0.001 1.000 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 X3_Plac <0.001 <0.001 1.000 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 X4_Prom <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 1.000 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 X5_Peop <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 1.000 <0.001 <0.001 X6_Proc <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 1.000 <0.001 X7_PhEv <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 1.000 Correlations among l.v. error terms with VIFs --------------------------------------------- There is nothing to show here, likely due to at least one of the following reasons: - There is only one endogenous latent variable in the model. - No links among latent variables have been defined. ************************************ * Block variance inflation factors * ************************************ There is nothing to show here, likely due to at least one of the following reasons: - No criterion latent variable has more than one predictor latent variable. - No links between latent variables have been defined. ****************************** * Indirect and total effects * ****************************** There is nothing relevant to report here, likely due to at least one of the following reasons: - There are fewer than 3 latent variables in the model. - No links between latent variables have been defined. ************************************* * Causality assessment coefficients * ************************************* Path-correlation signs ---------------------- X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv Notes: path-correlation signs; negative sign (i.e., -1) = Simpson's paradox. R-squared contributions ----------------------- X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv Notes: R-squared contributions of predictor lat. vars.; columns = predictor lat. vars.; rows = criteria lat. vars.; negative sign = reduction in R-squared. Path-correlation ratios ----------------------- X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv Notes: absolute path-correlation ratios; ratio > 1 indicates statistical suppression; 1 < ratio <= 1.3: weak suppression; 1.3 < ratio <= 1.7: medium; 1.7 < ratio: strong. Path-correlation differences ---------------------------- X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv Note: absolute path-correlation differences. P values for path-correlation differences ----------------------------------------- X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv Note: P values for absolute path-correlation differences. Warp2 bivariate causal direction ratios --------------------------------------- X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv Notes: Warp2 bivariate causal direction ratios; ratio > 1 supports reversed link; 1 < ratio <= 1.3: weak support; 1.3 < ratio <= 1.7: medium; 1.7 < ratio: strong. Warp2 bivariate causal direction differences -------------------------------------------- X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv Note: absolute Warp2 bivariate causal direction differences. P values for Warp2 bivariate causal direction differences --------------------------------------------------------- X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv Note: P values for absolute Warp2 bivariate causal direction differences. Warp3 bivariate causal direction ratios --------------------------------------- X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv Notes: Warp3 bivariate causal direction ratios; ratio > 1 supports reversed link; 1 < ratio <= 1.3: weak support; 1.3 < ratio <= 1.7: medium; 1.7 < ratio: strong. Warp3 bivariate causal direction differences -------------------------------------------- X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv Note: absolute Warp3 bivariate causal direction differences. P values for Warp3 bivariate causal direction differences --------------------------------------------------------- X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv X1_Prod X2_Pric X3_Plac X4_Prom X5_Peop X6_Proc X7_PhEv Note: P values for absolute Warp3 bivariate causal direction differences.