Suspicion on the Non-conformity of the Goods as a Foundation of Breach of International Sales Contract

Emmy Latifah, Anis H. Bajrektarevi, Dini Kartika Salsabila

Abstract


The aim of the research is to analyze the breach of international sales contract based on suspicion on non-conformity of the goods in regards to United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). This study is normative legal research. The types of approach used are the legislative approach, case approach, and conceptual approach. The analysis technique uses syllogistic methods through deductive thinking patterns. The result of the study indicates that the appropriate reason of suspicion of non-conformity of the goods under Article 35 of the CISG is the effect of suspicion on the usability of the goods rather than the existence of suspicion itself. It is required the most influence factor in having adverse effect on the function of the goods to be categorized as non-conformity of the goods in regards to a breach of contract. Suspicion could be removed by ensuring that the goods are functional. Finally, the burden of proof towards the suspicion on the non-conformity of the goods could be liable by the parties, especially the seller.

Keywords


Breach of Contract; CISG; Contract; International Sales Contract; Conformity of the Good

References


Aldin, Yara Naser. “CISG. Frozen Pork Case I, No. VIII ZR 67/04 (Bundesgerichtshof (German Supreme Court),” 2005.

Bonell, Michael Joachim. “The CISG, European Contract Law and the Development of a World Contract Law.” The American Journal of Comparative Law 56, No. 1 (2018): 1–28.

Bridge, Michael. “Avoidance for Fundamental Breach of Contract under the Un Convention on the International Sale of Goods.” International and Comparative Law Quarterly 59, No. 4 (October 2010): 911–40. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020589310000473.

Bridge, Michael, Yesim Atamer, Eric Bergsten, Joachim Bonell, Harry Flechtner, Lauro Gama, Alejandro Garro, et al. “Standards and Conformity of the Goods under Article 35 CISG.” Alborg Denmark, November 25, 2018. http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards.htm.

Cafaggi, Fabrizio, and Paola Iamiceli. “Contracting in Global Supply Chains and Cooperative Remedies.” Uniform Law Review. Oxford University Press, August 1, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1093/ulr/unv016.

Cook, V Susanne. “The U.N. Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods: A Mandate to Abandon Legal Ethnocentricity.” Jurnal of Law and Commerce 257, No. 64 (1996).

“Council Regulation (EEC) No 2092/91 of 24 June 1991 on Organic Production of Agricultural Products and Indications Referring Thereto on Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs Official.” Journal of Law 198 (n.d.): 1–15.

Djieufack, Roland. “Conformity of Goods to the Contract of Sale under the OHADA Uniform Act on General Commercial Law.” Uniform Law Review. Oxford University Press, August 1, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1093/ulr/unv017.

Ferreri, Silvia. “Remarks Concerning the Implementation of the CISG by the Courts.” Journal of Law and Commerce 25, No. 223 (2005).

Henschel, René Franz. “Conformity of Goods in International Sales Governed by CIGS Article 35: Caveat Venditor, Caveat Emptor and Contract Law as Background Law and As a Competing Set of Rules.” Nordic Journal of Commercial Law, No. 1 (2004).

Institute of International Commercial Law. “CISG: List of Contracting States.” Institute of International Commercial Law, May 5, 2022. https://iicl.law.pace.edu/print/30180.

International Institute for the Unification of Private Law. “Membership of UNIDROIT.” International Institute for the Unification of Private Law, 2022.

Ishida, Yasutoshi. “Identifying Fundamental Breach of Article 25 and 49 of the CISG: The Good Faith Duty of Collaborative Efforts to Cure Defects - Make the Parties Draw a Line in the Sand of Substantiality.” Michigan Journal of International Law, No. 41.1 (2020): 63. https://doi.org/10.36642/mjil.41.1.identifying.

Karton, Joshua D H, and Lorraine De Germiny. “Has the CISG Advisory Council Come of Age?” Bekeley Journal of International Law 27, No. 1 (2009). http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/uncitral_texts/.

Kennedy, Andrew J. “Recent Developments: Nonconforming Goods Under the CISG - What’s a Buyer to Do?” Dickinson Journal of Internal of International Law 16, No. 2 (1998).

Kilian, Monica, and M A Currently. “Article 3 2000 Part of the Common Law Commons, Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, International Law Commons, and the Jurisdiction Commons Recommended Citation Recommended Citation Kilian.” Florida State University Journal of Transnational Law & Policy 10, No. 2 (2000). https://ir.law.fsu.edu/jtlpAvailableat:https://ir.law.fsu.edu/jtlp/vol10/iss2/3.

Luca, Villy de. “The Conformity of the Goods to the Contract in International Sales.” Pace International Law Review 27, No. 1 (May 22, 2015): 163. https://doi.org/10.58948/2331-3536.1350.

Moghadam, Mojtaba Sadeghi. “The Buyer’s Right to Avoid the Contract Due to Non-Conformity of the Goods under the CISG.” International Journal of Law 2 (2016): 2455–2194. http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/countries/cntries.html.

Poikela, Teija. “Conformity of Goods in the 1980 United Nations Convention of Contracts For The International Sale of Goods.” Nordic Journal of Commercial Law 2003, No. 1 (2003).

Schlechtriem, Peter. “Subsequent Performance and Delivery Deadlines - Avoidance of CISG Sales Contracts Due to Non-Conformity of the Goods.” Pace International Law Review 18, No. 1 (April 1, 2006): 83. https://doi.org/10.58948/2331-3536.1073.

Schroeter, Ulrich G. “The Cross-Border Freedom of Form Principle Under Reservation: The Role of Articles 12 and 96 CISG in Theory and Practice.” Journal of Law and Commerce 33, No. 1 (April 21, 2015): 79–117. https://doi.org/10.5195/jlc.2014.79.

Schwenzer, I., and D. Tebel. “Suspicions, Mere Suspicions: Non-Conformity of the Goods?” Uniform Law Review - Revue de Droit Uniforme 19, No. 1 (March 1, 2014): 152–68. https://doi.org/10.1093/ulr/unt042.

Šobot, Sandra Fišer. “Calculation of Price Reduction in International Sale of Goods Contracts.” Lexonomica 9, No. 2 (2017): 109–24. https://doi.org/10.18690/18557147.9.2.109-124(2017).

Suradiyanto, and Dinny Wirawan Pratiwie. “Kajian Yuridis Unidroit Dalam Hukum Kontrak Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 148, No. 66 (2020). https://doi.org/10.24903/yrs.v12i1.1378.

Teixeira, Marcelo Markus, Henrique Rotava, and Tainá Rafaela Bigaton. “The Codes of Conduct as a Tool of Compliance for Conformity in the application of Article 35 of the CISG.” Brazilian Journal of Development 5, No. 10 (2019): 21164–79. https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv5n10-278.

United Nations Commission on International Trade Law. UNCITRAL Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on the International Sale of Goods. United Nations, 2000.

Widhiyanti, Hanif Nur. “The Urgency of Harmonizing Competition Laws in Moving Towards the ASEAN Free Trade Area.” Fiat Justisia Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 14, No. 1 (2020): 45–68.

Zamir, Eyal. “Toward a General Concept of Conformity in the Performance of Contracts.” Louisiana Law Review 52 (1991). https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol52/iss1/5.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v10i2.4772

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Bookmark and Share


Hasanuddin Law Review (ISSN Online: 2442-9899 | ISSN Print: 2442-9880) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Preserved in LOCKSS, based at Stanford University Libraries, United Kingdom, through PKP Private LOCKSS Network program.
 
Indexing and Abstracting:
 
  
 
View full indexing services.