Gender Bias and Artificial Intelligence: A Challenge within the Periphery of Human Rights
Abstract
Technology is advancing at an exponential rate, and artificial intelligence has become a contentious issue of the day. A plethora of fields influencing human life has been impacted by artificial intelligence, whereas the development of artificial intelligence has opened Pandora’s box of legal concerns. Several international organizations, including the United Nations, have identified gender equality as an indispensable constituent of the protection of human rights. The voyage of gender equality has seen a long phase of struggle and persists. This paper aims to analyze, in what manner artificial intelligence is affecting gender equality, raising concerns on the issues regarding the role played by the United Nations in securing gender equality through conventions and resolutions, is artificial intelligence capable of posing a threat to gender equality and what measures can be implemented to secure gender equality about artificial intelligence. Â
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Adriana Zait. “Exploring the Role of Civilizational Competences for Smart Cities’ Development.†Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy 11, no. 3 (2017): 377–92. https://doi.org/10.1108/tg-07-2016-0044.
Amit, Datta., Michael Carl Tschantz, and Anupam Datta. 2015. “Automated Experiments on Ad Privacy Settings.†Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2015 (1): 92–112. https://doi.org/10.1515/popets-2015-0007.
Anja, Lambrecht., and Catherine E. Tucker. “Algorithmic Bias? an Empirical Study into Apparent Gender-Based Discrimination in the Display of STEM Career Ads.†SSRN Electronic Journal, 2016. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2852260.
Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action Beijing+5 Political Declaration and Outcome. UN Women. New York: UN Women. https://www.unwomen.org/sites/ default/files/Headquarters/Attachments/Sections/CSW/PFA_E_Final_WEB.pdf.
Carmen, Niethammer., “Ai Bias Could Put Women's Lives at Risk - a Challenge for Regulators.†Forbes. Forbes Magazine, May 27, 2020. https://www.forbes.com/ sites/carmenniethammer/2020/03/02/ai-bias-could-put-womens-lives-at-riska-challenge-for-regulators/?sh=401fb266534f.
David, Meyer., “Amazon Killed an AI Recruitment System Because It Couldn't Stop the Tool from Discriminating against Women.†Fortune. Fortune, June 8, 2021. https://fortune.com/2018/10/10/amazon-ai-recruitment-bias-women-sexist/.
DCAF, Inclusive Security and. Inclusive Security and DCAF, n.d. https://www.dcaf.ch/sites/default/files/imce/Women%27s%20Guide%20Curriculum/InclusiveSecurity_Curriculum_Series_SSR_MOD3.pdf.
Deborah, Raji, Inioluwa., and Joy Buolamwini. “Actionable Auditing.†Proceedings of the 2019 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society, (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3306618.3314244.
Diana, Atuase., “Gender Equality and Women Empowerment in Ghana, the Role of Academic Libraries.†Journal of Applied Information Science 6, no. 2 (2018): 14–20. https://www.academia.edu/40508079/Gender_Equality_and_Women_Empowerment_in_Ghana_the_Role_of_Academic_Libraries.
ECOSOC. “Future Organization and Methods of Work of the Commission on Status of Women.†E/RES/2015/6. ECOSOC, June 8, (2015). https://undocs.org/ E/RES/2015/6.
Eliezer, Yudkowsky. “Artificial Intelligence as a Positive and Negative Factor in Global Risk.†In Global Catastrophic Risks, edited by Nick Bostrom and Milan M. Ćirković, 308–345. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008, DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198570509.003.0021.
Gabriel, Stanovsky., Noah A Smith, and Luke Zettlemoyer. “Evaluating Gender Bias in Machine Translation.†In Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 1679–84. Florence, Italy: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2019.
Ian, Ayres., and Peter Siegelman. “Race and Gender Discrimination in Bargaining for a New Car.†The American Economic Review 85, no. 3 (1995): 304–21. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2118176.
Ioana, Latu., and Marianne Schmid Mast. “The Effects of Stereotypes of Women’s Performance in Male-Dominated Hierarchies: Stereotype Threat Activation and Reduction through Role Models.†Gender and Social Hierarchies, (2015), 87–99. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315675879-15.
Jack, Donnelly. “Human Rights as Natural Rights.†Human Rights Quarterly 4, no. 3 (1982): 391. https://doi.org/10.2307/762225.
Jeremy B., Merrill. “Google Has Been Allowing Advertisers to Exclude Nonbinary People from Seeing Job Ads – the Markup.†The Markup, February 11, 2021. https://themarkup.org/google-the-giant/2021/02/11/google-has-been-allowing-advertisers-to-exclude-nonbinary-people-from-seeing-job-ads.
Larry, Hardesty. “Study Finds Gender and Skin-Type Bias in Commercial Artificial-Intelligence Systems.†MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology, February 11, 2018. https://news.mit.edu/2018/study-finds-gender-skin-type-bias-artificial-intelligence-systems-0212.
Latanya, Sweeney., “Discrimination in Online Ad Delivery.†Queue 11, no. 3 (2013): 10–29. https://doi.org/10.1145/2460276.2460278.
Maimuna, Izah., “Role of Libraries and Information Centers in the Provision of Information Resources and Services for Gender Equality in Nigeria.†International Journal of Gender Studies 6, no. 1 (2021). https://doi.org/10.47604/ijgs.1304.
Mark, Coeckelbergh., “Technology Games/Gender Games. from Wittgenstein’s Toolbox and Language Games to Gendered Robots and Biased Artificial Intelligence.†Techno:Phil – Aktuelle Herausforderungen der Technikphilosophie, (2019), 27–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-476-04967-4_2.
Massimo, Merenda., Carlo Porcaro, and Demetrio Iero. “Edge Machine Learning for AI-Enabled IoT Devices: A Review.†Sensors 20, no. 9 (2020): 2533. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20092533.
Naznin, Tabassum., and Bhabani Shankar Nayak. “Gender Stereotypes and Their Impact on Women’s Career Progressions from a Managerial Perspective.†IIM Kozhikode Society & Management Review 10, no. 2 (2021): 192–208. https://doi.org/10.1177/2277975220975513.
O'Byrne, Darren J. Human Rights: An Introduction. 1st ed. (New York: Longman, 2003).
Panagiota, Fatourou., Bran Knowles, and Chris Hankin. “Gender Bias in Data-Driven ΑΙ Systems.†FORTH Institute of Computer Science. Accessed March 18, 2022. https://users.ics.forth.gr/~faturu/PolicyPaper-GenderDiscriminationAndAI.pdf.
Pasquarella, Lauren Daley., “Ai and Gender Bias (Trend Brief).†Catalyst, December 15, 2021. https://www.catalyst.org/research/trend-brief-gender-bias-in-ai/.
Prakash, Das, Satya. “HUMAN RIGHTS: A GENDER PERSPECTIVE.†The Indian Journal of Political Science 66, no. 4 (2005): 755–72. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41856167.
Rebecca, Greenfield., and Riley Griffin. “Can Artificial Intelligence Take the Bias out of Hiring? - The Boston Globe.†BostonGlobe.com. The Boston Globe, August 12, 2018. https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2018/08/12/can-artificial-intelligence-take-bias-out-hiring/SXVO2h7eYeQArnnjp0kPtL/story.html.
Russell, Stuart, and John Bohannon. “Fears of an AI Pioneer.†Science 349, no. 6245 (2015): 252–52. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.349.6245.252.
S.S. Sarmah. “Artificial Intelligence and Automation.†Research Review Journal 4 (2019): 1.
Samuel, Gibbs. “Women Less Likely to Be Shown Ads for High-Paid Jobs on Google, Study Shows.†The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, July 8, 2015. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/08/women-less-likely-ads-high-paid-jobs-google-study.
Sandra, Fredman., and Beth Goldblatt. “Gender Equality and Human Rights.†UN Women Discussion Papers, 2015. https://doi.org/10.18356/e50499ba-en.
Stephanie, Kelley., and Anton Ovchinnikov. “Anti-Discrimination Laws, AI, and Gender Bias in Non-Mortgage Fintech Lending.†SSRN Electronic Journal, (2020). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3719577.
Stuart, Russell., Daniel Dewey, and Max Tegmark. “Research Priorities for Robust and Beneficial Artificial Intelligence.†AI Magazine 36, no. 4 (2015): 105–14. https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v36i4.2577.
Trang, Cathrine Kieu, Bui., “Exploring Bias against Women in Artificial Intelligence: Practitioners' Views on Systems of Discrimination.†DUO, September 26, (2021). https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/88551.
UN GENEVA. “Gender Equality.†Gender Equality. Accessed March 19, 2022. https://www.ungeneva.org/en/topics/gender.
UN WOMEN. “United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) - Strategic Plan 2022–2025 (UNW/2021/6) [En/Ar/Ru/Zh] - World.†ReliefWeb. Accessed March 19, 2022. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/united-nations-entity-gender-equality-and-empowerment-women-un-women-strategic-plan-0.
UNESCO [62468]. Artificial intelligence and gender equality: key findings of UNESCO’s Global Dialogue. Paris, France, UNESCO’s 2020, https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ ark:/48223/pf0000374174
UNESDOC. “Achieving Gender Equality in Education: Don't Forget the Boys.†Unesdoc.unesco.org. Global Education Monitoring Report, (2018). https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000262714.
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, UNECE Policy on Geew Final, (7 July 2019). https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/Gender/publications_and_papers/ UNECE_Policy_on_GEEW_Final.pdf.
United Nations, Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women, 1979.
William, Giannetti., “Artificial Intelligence: Myths and Realities.†Air & Space Power Journal 32, no. 3 (2018): 92–95. https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/ Portals/10/ASPJ/journals/Volume-32_Issue-3/C-Giannetti.pdf.
Yingfang, Niu, Jie Hou, and Yajun Li. “Commercial Application and Prospects of Artificial Intelligence.†Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Education Science and Economic Development (ICESED 2019), 2020. https://doi.org/10.2991/icesed-19.2020.44.
Yoav, Mintz., and Ronit Brodie. “Introduction to Artificial Intelligence in Medicine.†Minimally Invasive Therapy & Allied Technologies 28, no. 2 (2019): 73–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645706.2019.1575882.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v8i1.3569
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.